Comprehensive assignment Essay

1. (5 pts) pull back the metabolic dish out providing your skill date you were base on balls (at an easy pace) before the bee stung you. embarrass which grains atomic number 18 being consumed.The metabolic crop providing my brawn while I was propel at an easy pace is oxidative metabolic edge. During aerobic metabolism, mitochondria absorb from the sur rotunding cytol these iotas ADP, phosphate ions, O2, and organic substances like pyruvate. These elements go by the citric acid cycle. The negatron transport chain is withal involve to create adenosine triphosphate. For each molecule of pyruvate that goes into the citric acid cycle, the cadre gains 17 adenosine triphosphate molecules. Glycogen reserves can besides be used and converted to glucose. Glycolysis breaks protrude glucose molecules to create more pyruvate. However, if not ample glycogen is available, the cell can withal use amino acids and rima orisids to do this. This is a real(prenominal) effici ent dish and alike b arely contributes a calculate of the adenosine triphosphate during aerobic metabolism. At check into levels of performance, most of the energy during aerobic metabolism comes from work done by the mitochondria. The muscles ent rund during this act need all of the energy produced as adenosine triphosphate, and there is no trim odd over in this especial(a) metabolic process if muscle employment join ons ( heft Tissue P. 306-7).2. (8 pts) decode the locomote of the bee from your outer ear to sensing. (Include all focalizationing, conduction, transduction, contagious disease and perception processes and structures).Sound vibrations from the buzzing bee joggle the air molecules as twitch waves more or less my ear and enter the auricle which is cone-shaped in order to direct these audio recorduroying waves into the ear via the external acoustic meatus. The voice waves reach the tympanic membrane through the external acoustic meatus and get it to vibrate. When the tympanic membrane turn tails, it causes the auditory ossicles to move. The auditory ossicles atomic number 18 do up of the malleus, incus, and stapes. These ossicles be Copernican because they amplify the sound. The stapes whence transfers this driveway to the oval window and the drag waves move through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. These waves thus disturb the basilar membrane as they move toward the round windowof the scala tympani. This causes vibrations of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. The nurture about where the sound originated and about how strong the pressure waves are is interpreted by the fundamental nervous sy paper over the cochlear branch of cranial strikingness eight (The Special Senses P. 584-5).3. (4 pts) Turn your head to the right. (Create a defer that puffs which muscles move which bones crosswise which joints infra the prevail of which plaque). follow outMuscleOrigin first appearance gist change sh ape head towards shoulder and turns face to enemy sideSternocleidomastoidClavicular head attaches to sternal end of collarbone sternal head attaches to manubrium. Mastoid kingdom of skull and lateral pass share of greatest nuchal lineAccessory organisation XI cervical Spinal poise (C2-C3) Rotates and laterally flexes make do to that side, Splenius (Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis)Spinous processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior pectoral vertebrae, Mastoid process, occipital bone of skull, and superior cervical vertebrae, Cervical Spinal braces Rotates and laterally flexes neck to that sideLongissimus capitis Transverse process of inferior cervical and superior pectoral vertebrae, Mastoid process of temporal boneCervical and thoracic spinal anaesthesia anaesthesia brass sections Rotates and laterally flexes neck to that sideLongissimus cervicis, Transverse process of superior thoracic vertebrae. Transverse processes of pose and superior cerv ical vertebrae. Cervical and thoracic spinal nerves. Extends vertebral column and rotates toward confrontation side. Semispinalis cervicis. Transverse processes of T1-T5 or T6 Spinous processes of C2-C5Cervical spinal nerves Rotates head to that sideLongus capitis. Transverse processes of cervical vertebraeBase of the occipital boneCervical spinal nerves. Flexes or rotates neckLongus colliAnterior surfaces of cervical and superior thoracic vertebraeTransverse processes of superior cervical vertebraeCervical spinal nerves (The Muscular arranging P. 339-341)4. (6 pts) Move your snappers and look at the bee. (Create a table that describeswhich nerves overtop which muscles to cause the needed eye exercises).ActionMuscleOriginInsertionNerveEye looks polish up. Inferior Rectussphenoid around center canal. Inferior, average surface of eyeball. Oculomotor Nerve III Eye looks laterally. Lateral Rectus. Sphenoid around ocular canalLateral surface of eyeball. nervus abducens Nerve VI Eye rolls, looks grim and laterally. Superior ObliqueSphenoid around optic canal. Superior, lateral surface of eyeball. Trochlear Nerve IV (The Muscular System P. 335)5. (8 pts) Trace the learn of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures). later a retinal molecule absorbs light, the normally 11-cis form of the bound retinal molecule straightens to become the 11-trans from. This change activated the opsin molecule. Opsin activates transducin which is a G protein. This G protein then activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks pig cyclic-GMP. The break- round off of cyclic-GMP removes them from the gated sodium channel and makes the gated sodium bring inactive. Because of this, sodium ion entry into the cytoplasm decreases. This sodium ion reduction then withers the dark current. restless transport continues to remove sodium ions from the cytoplasm even though the gated sodium c hannels are closed. This causes the transmembrane potential to drop down to -70 mV and hyperpolarize. This hyperpolarization decreases neurotransmitter release. The attached cell is then aware that the photoreceptor has absorbed a photon. A specific ganglion cell keeps track of a specific portion of the visual field. Rods are also called M cells and give the creative thinker information about a commonplace location of received photons and light preferably than very specific information.Cones are also called P cells and can be overmuch more specific than rods. The P cells are smaller and more numerous than M cells. This helps them be better at free information about edges, fine position and color. The activation of a P cell gives information about a very specific location. The P cells give luxuriously resolution information. Axons from the ganglion cells converge on the optic disc, penetrate the eye, and continue toward the diencephalon on the optic nerve.II. From there the i nformation is recess in half and give-up the ghosts to the back of the adept and to the occipital lobe. Together, the diencephalon and the brain stem process the information and control eye reflexes and student dilation and/or minginess in order to see clearer and focus in on an object. Depth perception is a phenomenon that takes place when the visual cerebral cortex of my occipital lobes reviews the slightly different information obtained by each eyeball. The superior colliculi of the mesencephalon make motor commands that control unconscious mind eye, head, and/or neck actions that respond to visual stimuli. My eyes in the bright spend light looking at a bee that is so close (on my right shoulder) are likely to constrict so as to limit the photon stimulation on my retina and so as to focus on alone the tiny bee (The Special Senses P. 569-74).6. (11 pts) Move your left field hand to swat the bee. (Create a table that describes which muscles move which bones across which j oints under the control of which nerves). Limit your coverion to the movement at the shoulder and elbow only (do not include any un-needed muscles nor discuss the movement at any opposite joints).ActionMuscleOriginInsertionNerveMove Left girdle Toward Right Side flexure and average rotation at shoulderDeltoid (anterior part)Clavicle and scapula (acromion and adjacent scapular spine)Deltoid tuberosity of humerus. Axillary nerve (C5-C6) Medial rotation at shoulder. SubscapularisSubscapular endocarp of scapula. Lesser tubercle of humerusSubscapular nerves (C5-C6) Adduction and medial rotation at shoulder. Teres MajorInferior angle of scapula. Passes medially to reach the medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus. Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6) Adduction and flexion at the shoulder. Coracobrachialis. Coracoid process. Medial margin of peckerwood of humerusMusculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7 Flexion, Adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder. Pectoralis Major. Cartilages of ribs 2-6, remains of sternum, and inferior, medial portion of clavicle. Crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerusPectoral nerves (C5-T1) Adduction and medial rotation at shoulderLatissimus DorsiSpinous processes of inferior thoracic and alllumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fasciaFloor of intertubercular groove of humerus. Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8) Adduction at the shoulderTriceps brachii (long head)Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula olecranon of ulna. radial nerve (C6-C8) Bend left forearm towards right shoulderFlexion at elbow and shoulderBiceps brachiiShort head from the coracoid process long head from the supraglenoid tubercle two on the scapula eminence of radiusMusculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) Flexion at elbow Brachialis Anterior, distal surface of humerus Tuberosity of ulna Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) and radial nerve (C7-C8) Flexion at elbow. Brachioradialis Ridge superior to the lateral epicondyle of humerusLateral aspect of styloid process of radius. Radial nerve (C5-C6) (The Muscular System P. 353-355)7. (2 pts) What molecule provided the energy for the movement of your arm?ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provided the energy for the movement of my arm.8. Feel the distract of the panger in your skin.a. (3 pts) What layers of the skin are penetrated and what weave types make them up?The shield is the outermost layer of skin, and it is made of differentiate squamous epithelium. The dermis is of late to the epidermis and it is made of dense irregular connective tissue. The hypodermis is deep to the dermis and is made of adipose tissue (The Tissue take of Organization P. 114-126).b. (5 pts) Trace the pain sensation from the receptors to perception.There are pain receptors on the shoulder that die to the underlying nervous trunk. Because a bee sting is a stinging, injection-like pain, it would be considered fast pain. fast pain sensations are carried by medullated Type A fibers. The myelination help s the information to travel faster down the neuron. The bee sting stimulates the dendrites ofnociceptors in the shoulder and causes depolarization. The initial segment of the axone must reach threshold in order to release an action potential. erstwhile an action potential is released, it travels by neurons to the commutation nervous system. When the action potential reaches the central nervous system, glutamate and/or substance P are released as neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters make it easier for neurons to travel along pain piece of grounds. This is known as pain perception (Neural integrating I sensory(a) Pathways and the Somatic ill at ease(p) System P. 498).9. (8 pts) Explain your involuntary reception to this event. State which component is pickings control and describe exactly how that subdivision go out effect breathing rate, burden rate, and educatee size. (Note dont just describe the effect, but describe the control highway that leads to that effect, including any chemical messengers involved.)The harmonical division of the autonomic nervous system is taking control. This division increases breathing rate, breast rate, and pupil size. The visceral motor nuclei in the hypothalamus activates autonomic nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord. The brain stem and spinal cord in turn activate autonomic ganglia that then stimulate visceral effectors much(prenominal) as smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. down muscle effectors affect downslope vessels by constricting them and increasing telephone circuit pressure and speeding up blood arise in order to increase atomic number 8 circulation. The smooth muscle also affects the chokepoint/dilation of the lungs. The sympathetic nervous system wants to dilate the lungs to increase breathing pass judgment and oxygen intake. The glands that are stimulated cause the body to perspire. The cardiac muscle increases heart rate. Adipocytes can be used for energy because they are fatty acids (lipids) and can be used to make ATP during glycolysis very quickly (Neural Integration II The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions P. 518-523).10. (6 pts) exposit the elements of the homeostatic control system that caused the suds and the red skin. Include the control pathway involved.The control pathway of the sympathetic division that caused the sweating andthe red skin was the sympathetic chain ganglia. Preganglionic fibers carried motor commands that affect the head, neck, limbs, and thoracic cavity. The unmyelinated postganglionic fibers that control the body wall enter the gray ramus and parry to the spinal nerve for further distribution. They then are able to innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the smooth muscles in blood vessels. This innervation causes the sweat glands to sweat and the blood vessels to constrict. Constricting the blood vessels is helpful because it give raise blood pressure and increase oxygen circulation (N eural Integration II The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions P. 521)11. (1 pts) Describe the metabolic process providing your energy while you were running (as fast as you could) aft(prenominal) the bee stung you. Include which molecule(s) is(are) being consumed.The metabolic process that was providing my energy while I was running as fast as I could was anaerobic metabolism. This metabolic process does not require oxygen and uses glycolysis to give way 2 ATP molecules but also to generate 2 pyruvate molecules. Each pyruvate molecule can be broken down by the mitochondria to generate 17 ATP molecules. This is a total of 34 ATP molecules. This is a lot of energy and is inevitable when muscles are at peak activity levels (Muscle Tissue P. 306-7).12. (5 pts) Explain what the Epi-Pen contains (what manikin of chemical is that) and how that will help in this situation. What effect will that pen gain on the breathing rate?The Epi-Pen contains epinephrin which is a ne urotransmitter. It will try to repair the situation of an allergic reaction by increasing breathing rate, increasing heart rate, raise dropping blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and reverse hives (Drugs and Medications Epipen im).Works CitedDrugs and Medications Epipen im. WebMD. outlive Revised 2013. Firstpublished by WebMD, 2005. Web. Visited 30 November 2013.Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. The Musclar System. embodiment & Physiology. 9th Ed. capital of Massachusetts gum benjamin Cummings, 2012.Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. Muscle Tissue. framing & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston genus Benzoin Cummings, 2012.Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. Neural Integration I Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System. Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. Neural Integration II The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions. Anatomy & Physiol ogy. 9th Ed. Boston Benjamin Cummings, 2012.Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. The Special Senses. Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston Benjamin Cummings, 2012.Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. The Tissue Level of Organization. Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston Benjamin Cummings, 2012.