Employment Relations in the Innovative Electronics Case Study

Employment Relations in the Innovative Electronics - Case Study Example Subsequently, these problems affected diverse business areas within the company besides affecting the stakeholders. The customers could not get their needs and demands met by the products of Innovative and hence walked away. The parent company reduced resources to the subsidiaries, affecting the motivation and reward system negatively. The management structure and the policies that the senior managers used caused mistrust and cynicism and failed to address the problems of the company since coherence and teamwork were affected negatively. Innovative Electronics is a company that operates in Europe and produces sophisticated electronic control equipment used by other big companies in testing and measuring laboratory instruments, mobile phones, and chemicals. The Innovative business has experienced constant problems in the past five years, resulting in a patchy performance because of the economic turmoil that rocked the world’s market for some of its important products. This paper is an integrative case study analysis of Innovative electronics in which the problem is discussed, the case data analyzed, and the main problems facing the company identified and analyzed. In addition, recommendations are made to help improve the situation that the company is in, in future. The Innovative Electronics is experiencing poor and low performance in its business for the last five years because of the market depression for some of its main products. The company, which had been thriving on the power of technological innovations for its business success, is also facing increased threats from its new competitors in the market because of less innovative developments that can neither attract new customers nor retain the existing ones.

“The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down” by Anne Fadiman Essay Example for Free

â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† by Anne Fadiman Essay Anne Fadiman’s â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† explores the depth and complexity of cultural understanding, particularly between the American culture and the Hmong culture of Laos. To do this, Fadiman made of an account of a case of a Hmong child who suffered from epileptic seizure. Here, she elaborately narrated how Lia Lee, a seven-year old Hmong girl, got caught between the conflict in beliefs among her American doctors and Hmong parents. While Lia’s parents totally believe in the Hmong traditional way of healing, her American doctors on the other hand strongly believe on the power of modern medicine. From this theme the book of Fadiman mainly revolved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the subtopics that were discussed in the book also dealt with intercultural communication. Among all the characters in the novel, the Lee parents, Foua and Nao Kao, were the ones who learned most about this. From the story, we found out that the Lee parents belonged to the some of the Hmong people who migrated from Laos to America due to Laos War. With this a background, we could claim that the Lees did the adjusting with their new environment. However, in Fadiman’s point-of-view, the other way around happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To prove this, Fadiman wrote that the Hmong people are one of the proudest cultural groups. She mentioned that â€Å"†¦the Hmong do no like to take orders; that they do not like to lose; that they would rather flee, fight, or die than surrender; that they are not intimidated by being outnumbered; that they are rarely persuaded that the customs of other culture, even those more powerful than their own, are superior, and that they are capable of getting very angry (Fadiman, 1997; p. 17).   She also wrote that Hmong people migrated to America not to hope for assimilation but to resist it, just like what they did when they left China (Fadiman, 1997; p.183). However, although the Lee parents seemed to be so proud and fixed with their beliefs regarding healing of their child, at the end, they finally agreed with Lia’s American doctors with her medication. However, the American doctors claimed that if Lia’s parents followed them earlier, then Lia would not end up having her brain dead.   From this, we could conclude that certainly, Foua and Nao Kao had learned that intercultural communication is important in dealing with problems. Moreover, the couple learned how to adjust and balance their own beliefs and practices with those of other culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conflict in cultural beliefs in healing was also the most significant topic explored in the text. The clashing of Lia’s parents and her American doctors was one of the reasons for Lia’s condition. The Hmong couple strongly believed that the condition of their child was qaug dab peg translated as â€Å"the spirit catches you and you fall down†. In the Hmong culture, this means that the soul has left the body, thus Lia would become spiritually-gifted. On the other hand, the doctors strongly believed that Lia’s condition is dangerous and must be taken with serious and modern medication. Because of this conflict in beliefs, Lia’s condition worsened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, this could have been prevented if at the start, both parties valued the importance of intercultural communication. For example, instead of not complying in the giving of Phenobarbital to Lia (Fadiman, 1997; 220), the couples should have listened first to the views of Lia’s doctors regarding her condition. If this has happened, the separation of Lia from her parents due to an order court, which caused too much stress on Lia’s part, could have been prevented. The situation, as Fadiman described in her interview with Lia’s nurses, made Lia â€Å" crying four days straight. Smearing feces, intense crying again. Stripped herself . . . went on a wave of destruction. Had to sedate her† (Fadiman, 1997; p.87). On the other hand, if the American doctors had acknowledged the importance of Hmong beliefs and practices for the Lee couples, then they could have helped each other in dealing with Lia’s condition. In addition, the American doctors should have shown an open mind for the couple’s opposite views regarding health and healing. For example, they should not have pointed the blame to the Lee couples when Lia’s condition worsened. In fact, according to Fadiman, Lia’s condition did not worsen because of the non-compliance of her parents. In Fadiman’s interview with the pediatric neurologist who observed last Lia and who came from a different hospital, he said that Lia’s worse condition was due to her long stay in the hospital. Fadiman wrote that the doctor ordered her to â€Å"†¦ Go back to Merced, and tell all those people at the MCMC that the family didnt do this to the kid. We did.   (Fadiman, 1997; p.255). Through this, at least intercultural communication and understanding had been observed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation to this, the people from MCMC, the hospital where Lia was confined, were one the significant people in not only in Lia’s life, but in the Hmong community in California as well. Their actions in dealing with Lia’s case could be said as a reflection of their understanding of Hmong culture. If I were the hospital administrator of MCMC, I would suggest that the hospital hold a special division for Hmong patients. All people that would be assigned in here should have a vast knowledge on Hmong culture. In that way, the hospital could better serve the Hmong people. In addition, I would suggest that all hospital employees be sensitive and open with Hmong beliefs and practices. Finally and the most important one, I would suggest that all hospital employees practice communicating culturally with the Hmong people. This would prevent both parties from misinterpreting and misunderstanding each other.   In dealing with the conflict with their medical beliefs, it is important that the hospital employees could explain well to the Hmong people their views regarding modern practice of medicine. In that way, Hmong people and American doctors could meet halfway to help one another.

Arthroscopic Surgery :: Free Essays

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery helps many athlete’s speed up the healing process of many shoulder injuries. If an athlete requires some type of shoulder surgery many of them prefer to have the surgery done Arthroscopically so that they can resume playing or training to get back into their sport. Sometimes Arthroscopic surgery will even save some player’s careers. Baseball pitchers are the most common athletes to require shoulder surgery. Their shoulders have a lot of pressure put on them when they pitch. If they don’t properly warm-up their arm they can have serious damage done to their shoulders. One of the most common shoulder injuries is a rotator cuff tear. A rotator cuff tear occurs when one of the four muscles, usually the Supraspinatus, surrounding your shoulder tears. There are two types of rotator cuff tears. An "acute" tear happens when a person experiences a sudden injury, such as falling down onto an outstretched arm, or lifting something very heavy with a jerking motion. The more common tear is a "chronic" tear. A chronic tear occurs over a long period of time, much like a hole getting worn into a sock after years of wear. To fix a rotator cuff tear you will pretty much need surgery. Arthroscopic surgery is the surgery that leaves the least amount of scarring as the surgeon only makes several small incisions (only  ¼- ½ inch long). Bone anchors are usually placed into the humerus and attached to the cuff back down to the humerus where it belongs. These anchors are very small but strong. They are usually made of metal, plastic, or a special material that is absorbed by your body over time. Arthroscopic surgery is preferred by most physicians because of the recovery time and the limited scarring. If the tear is fixed arthroscopically the patient has much less pain than if the tear is fixed with open surgery.

Distracted Driving Kills Essay

It is not uncommon today for driving crashes to be in our daily evening news. Almost every day, there are reports and newspaper articles about drivers who were distracted or under the influence of something. Most of us have probably seen drivers swerving in their lanes or barely dodging a pedestrian because they are not focused. In fact, each day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that â€Å"more than 15 people are killed and more than 1,200 people are injured in crashes that were reported to involve a distracted driver†. Some victims sustain minor injuries while others suffer from permanent damage, or possibly even die. Drivers are putting those around them at risk when they whip out their phone and began to text while driving. The Tiger’s Roar talked with Kiera Gold ’15 about her opinions on multitasking while behind the wheel. â€Å"So many people think they can multitask,† Gold comments. â€Å"Sure, maybe with testing and hom ework, or texting and cleaning, but driving?! That’s crazy.† It is not uncommon for people our age to multitask on almost everything. The biggest problem with this issue is that the most serious offenders are us. WE are the ones who are most at risk. Yet many of us continue to assume that we can drive and text or talk simultaneously. Some kids and adults do get away with it, but there are many more that do not. Distraction.gov is a website created by the U.S. government to address the problems of distracted driving in general. Ray Lahood, secretary of transportation, states that â€Å"any time you take your eyes off the road, your hands off the wheel, and your mind off your primary task: driving safely†, distraction occurs, increasing your risk of crashing. â€Å"Some people still don’t know how dangerous distracted driving is. Others know about the risks of texting†¦while driving, but still most choose to do so anyway. They make the mistake of thinking†¦that they can defy the odds† (D istraction.gov). They incorrectly think that the statistics do not apply to them. The most surprising of all is that there are all sorts of distractions that may be experienced. Texting, calling, eating, drinking, fixing your makeup, reading, adjusting music players, you name it. These are all potential factors that can put your life at risk. To ban texting and driving may sound like a reasonable action to take, but there may be difficulty enforcing such laws. To make texting while driving illegal will encourage drivers to hide their phones when they are texting instead of having it in front of them. This may make situations worse because some drivers will divert their eyes and attention to the phone instead of the road. In addition, it will be problematic for officers to know if someone was actually texting. â€Å"One Text or Call Could Wreck It All.† This is the message the U.S. Department of Transportation when it reaches out to millions of Americans. It is likely that a TV ad appeared while watching a favorite show about the consequences of texting while driving. They include the disabled and injured victim of a car crash due to distracted driving along with the one, simple text message that completely flipped their world upside down. This is reality, people. The purpose of the ads is not to depress you or give your something to laugh about. The way that person is now could be how you will end up living the rest of your life. In fact, if the trend of texting while driving continues just to disprove this article, you are only playing with your life and those around you. If you want to live your life to the fullest, then maybe that one text message does not need to be replied right away. Maybe it can wait until you have arrived at a resting place or your destination. Perhaps you won’t be involved in a fatal crash and film a texting while driving advertisement to make the public more aware. But that will depend on how you will deal with a ringing phone when your hands are on the wheel, your eyes focusing on the road. Stop the texts, stop the wrecks.

Introduction to the Finance Company Project

Introduction to the Finance Company Project Your team is required to analyze the future business and economic prospects of a major, publicly traded corporation using financial concepts and techniques as well as the concepts and techniques from other business areas. Make sure any statements you make in your analysis are consistent with the knowledge base of finance. Also please include your calculations (including spreadsheets), data sources (be specific, including date and page number(s)), and assumptions (explain your rationale) in the appendices. While your analysis should be geared toward finance, nobody, of course, can make business decisions using solely finance techniques and concepts, so where applicable, incorporate techniques and analysis from other business fields. The following is a list of the minimum requirements for your project. Additional credit will be given for creativity and analysis beyond the minimum requirement. If you have any questions, please e-mail them to your instructor. (1) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Provide a one (1) page executive summary which summarizes your findings and provides a recommendation whether to buy or not to buy the stock and the debt securities of the company (two separate decisions). (2) COMPANY INTRODUCTION: Provide a one page (1) introduction to your company including: company history, strategy, main products & services, primary markets & customers, major competitors, industry overview, and other relevant information. (3) FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: Conduct a two-year financial analysis of your company using financial ratios. Include a Du Pont analysis. You can refer to your Essentials of Business I Corporate Annual Report project for the appropriate ratios. ) Comment on the financial health of the company. Please look at ratio trends and compare to industry average. (4) WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPTIAL (WACC): Estimate the components of the cost of capital for your company using market data. a) For the cost of common stock, analyze using the dividend growth model an d CAPM. To determine Beta, first use published sources. Next, calculate your own beta estimate using regression analysis with 52 weeks of daily data. See the textbook’s website to download the regression tool kit from Chapter 6. If the published estimates and the results of your regression analysis differ, justify your final choice of Beta for the WACC determinations. b) Calculate the cost of preferred stock c) Calculate the cost of debt. Recall that you do NOT use the coupon rate, but instead use the YTM for each bond issue. d) Determine the appropriate weights for each of the categories using market values. e) Calculate the company’s WACC. f) In your opinion, has the company minimized its WACC? What could it differently? Recall that more debt increases the risk of bankruptcy and more equity means the flotation costs of issuing stock. g) Provide reasons why or why not the current WACC is appropriate for future use by the company. If not, explain which WACC should be used for future business decisions. (5) FUTURE CASH FLOWS: Prepare a three (3) year forecast of estimated future cash flows for you company and give valid economic/business reasons for your projections. This means you will have a statement of incremental cash flows. One year in the future, develop a future market value of equity and an estimated future price per share for the company’s common stock. Write a 1 page analysis, which incorporates marketing, accounting, sales, production, management, technology, etc. information into your estimates of future cash flows. Please cite 2-3 media sources for this analysis. a) Perform a what-if analysis for your cash flows using at least one of the following: sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, or simulation analysis. Also, provide a written summation of your what-if analysis. ) Collect and evaluate information on inflation estimates and incorporate those estimates, as you see fit, into your cash flow estimates. c) Comment on how future cash flows maybe be affected by information contained in the footnotes to the financial statements. Footnotes are often more interesting than the rest of the financial statements and provide valuable information. d) Do a brief analysis of your competitors, the p rospects of their future cash flows, and how that affects your company's cash flows. e) Conduct a â€Å"post-audit† of one (or more) of your company's major past projects and ncorporate this qualitatively into your estimates of future cash flows. (6) HISTORICAL STOCK PRICE: Review briefly the historical performance of the company's stock price. Explain if this affected your analysis. (7) SECURITY ANALYST’S REPORTS: Evaluate what securities analysts are saying about your company, and explain if you agree or disagree with their recommendations. What is the sentiment for your stock: are there a lot of buy recommendations or are there a lot of hold/sell recommendations? (8) DIVIDEND and CAPITAL STRUCTURE: ) Analyze the current dividend policy of your company. If it doesn't pay a dividend, should it? b) Analyze the target capital structure of your company including bank loans, leases, and other financial securities issued in addition to preferred stock, common stock, and de bt. Why do you think it maintains the capital structure it does? Do you think it is an optimal capital structure? If not, what do you think would be? Justify your answer. c) Does your company have a substantial degree of informational asymmetry (assets which are hard for outsiders to value)? Do you think this affects the capital structure of your company? (9) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: Comment on the corporate governance of your company. Is management doing a good job? Does management hold shares in the company? What is their percentage of equity ownership? How much stock do institutions own? Do you think these factors affect your company's performance? (10) MERGER and INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY: Describe and evaluate the merger and acquisition strategy and the international expansion strategy for your company.

What are the aims of academic essays

What are the aims of academic essays The high number of academic studies aims have differences in meaning and priorities to each student. Accordingly the way to achieve personal aims is from student to student different. This essey will discuss important aims of academic studies. Firstly the assey will consider the aim of theories and certain known facts. Further the factor of skills improvement for a suitable job will be examined. The second paragraph will consider some conditions who are most important to achieve these aims. Especialy the motivational aspect of enjoying learning will be argued. To discover more about theories and certain known facts with the view of the futur profession is one of the most important aims of academic studies. The knowledge about theories and facts in your subject is the basis to become a professional. To understand what famous poeple thought about parts of your subject is important for your point of view. The university is the best place to improve the most important skills for your carrier. Here are all development potentialities that you need. To learn the skills for your future profession means micro and macro skills. Example: A medical doctor needs to know detailles facts about every tiny bone but he also need the knowledge of patients behaviour. Another fact is, that the value of intellectuell development is highest on the university. That means that the society in the university improves the climate of learning. To enjoy learning is the best motivation to achieve academic aims. Interest and abilitys are the basis of motivation. These are the initial requirements for academic success wich supports motivation too. Another eligibility criteria is to have realistic aims. Students who choose for example to much courses, could be frustrated after a view weeks, if they dont manage it. In conclusion it can be said that the varius aims of academic studie should be to prepair for a seccessfull carrier with all ski...

To what extent was the Crimean War (1853 †1856) ‘disastrously planned and poorly executed’ (Economist 2014) The WritePass Journal

To what extent was the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) ‘disastrously planned and poorly executed’ (Economist 2014) Introduction To what extent was the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) ‘disastrously planned and poorly executed’ (Economist 2014) ; Seton-Watson 1988). The conflict did have important long-term implication insofar as it permanently weakened the position of Tsarist Russia, and saw the ascendency of the France as the preeminent power in Europe. It therefore saw the end of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 (Bloy 2002a, 2002b). In conclusion, the Crimean War was both poorly planned and poorly executed. This essay has outlined the numerous strategic, tactical, and logistical failures perpetrated by all sides, but especially by the Allies and Britain in particular. However, as important as these moments were in defining the nature of the conflict and solidifying its reputation, it was problematic from the outset. As Clough (1964: 917) puts it: ‘it was not the result of a calculated plan, nor even of hasty last-minute decisions made under stress. It was the consequence of more than two years of fatal blundering in slow-motion by inept statesmen who had months to reflect upon the actions they took.’ Ultimately, while there are many mitigating factors, moments of triumph, and cases of heroism and coordination – especially in the medical sphere – this is a reputation well-deserved. References Bloy, M. (2002a) The Crimean War: ‘Britain in Blunderland’, The Victorian Web victorianweb.org/history/crimea/blunder2.html [Retrieved 10/06/2014] Bloy, M. (2002b) The Crimean War: comment on attitudes in Britain, The Victorian Web victorianweb.org/history/crimea/attitude.html [Retrieved 10/06/2014] Brown, D. K. (1989) The Royal Navy in the Crimean War: Technological Advances worldnavalships.com/forums/showthread.php?t=14517 [Retrieved 04/06/2014] Clough, S. B., ed. (1964)  A History of the Western World. Boston, Heath: University of Michigan Press Curtiss, J. S. (1979) Russia’s Crimean War, Durham, N.C: Duke University Press Curtiss, J. S. (1966) Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854-1855, Slavic Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 84-100 Fuller, H. J. (2014) Could Have, Would Have, Should Have? England’s ‘Great Armament’ during the Crimean War, the proposed naval assault upon Cronstadt’s defences and the Peace of 1856: Re-examining the evidence, University of Wolverhampton Gorizontov, L. E. (2012) ‘The Crimean War as a Test of Russias Imperial Durability’,  Russian Studies in History  51  (1), pp. 65–94 Jones, H. P. (2012) Southern Military Interests in the Crimean War, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 25, pp. 35–52 Lambert, A. (2011) The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–56, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Seton-Watson, H. (1988)  The Russian Empire 1801–1917. Oxford: Clarendon Press Stephan, J. J. (1969) The Crimean War in the Far East, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 257-277 Sweetman, J. (2001) The Crimean War: 1854-1856, Oxford: Osprey Publishing The Economist (May 2014) What the original Crimean war was all about, Economist economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/03/economist-explains-5 [Retrieved 11/06/2014] Urry, J. (1989) Mennonites and the Crimean War, 1854 – 1856, Journal of Mennonite Studies, Vol. 7, pp.10-32

How to Calculate Freezing Point Depression

How to Calculate Freezing Point Depression This example problem demonstrates how to calculate freezing point depression using solution of salt in water. Quick Review of Freezing Point Depression Freezing point depression is one of the colligative properties of matter, which means it is affected by the number of particles, not the chemical identity of the particles or their mass. When a solute is added to a solvent, its freezing point is lowered from the original value of the pure solvent. It doesnt matter whether the solute is a liquid, gas, or solid. For example, freezing point depression occurs when either salt or alcohol are added to water. In fact, the solvent can be any phase, too. Freezing point depression also occurs in solid-solid mixtures. Freezing point depression is calculated using Raoults Law and the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to write an equation called Blagdens Law. In an ideal solution, freezing point depression only depends on solute concentration. Freezing Point Depression Problem 31.65 g of sodium chloride is added to 220.0 mL of water at 34  °C. How will this affect the  freezing point of the water?Assume the  sodium chloride completely dissociates in the water.Given: density of water at 35  °C 0.994 g/mLKf water 1.86  °C kg/molSolution:To find the  temperature change elevation of a solvent by a solute, use the freezing point depression equation:ΔT iKfmwhereΔT Change in temperature in  °Ci van t Hoff factorKf molal freezing point depression constant or cryoscopic constant in  °C kg/molm molality of the solute in mol solute/kg solvent.Step 1 Calculate the molality of the NaClmolality (m) of NaCl moles of NaCl/kg waterFrom the periodic table, find the atomic masses of the elements:atomic mass Na 22.99atomic mass Cl 35.45moles of NaCl 31.65 g x 1 mol/(22.99 35.45)moles of NaCl 31.65 g x 1 mol/58.44 gmoles of NaCl 0.542 molkg water density x volumekg water 0.994 g/mL x 220 mL x 1 kg/1000 gkg water 0.219 kgmNaCl moles of NaCl/kg watermNaCl 0.542 mol/0.219 kgmNaCl 2.477 mol/kgStep 2 Determine the van t Hoff factorThe van t Hoff factor, i, is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent. For substances which do not dissociate in water, such as sugar, i 1. For solutes that completely dissociate into  two ions, i 2. For this example, NaCl completely dissociates into the two ions, Na and Cl-. Therefore, i 2 for this example.Step 3 Find ΔTΔT iKfmΔT 2 x 1.86  °C kg/mol x 2.477 mol/kgΔT 9.21  °CAnswer:Adding 31.65 g of NaCl to 220.0 mL of water will lower the freezing point by 9.21  °C.

Ethics in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in the Workplace - Research Paper Example They also reported that the mine operators were notified by about 204 violations by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (Cooper & Urbina, 2010). The above report clearly shows that both the mine operators and the authorities were aware of the problems and still took no serious actions to rectify it. In other words, the lives of the mine workers were given least value by the authorities and the Upper Big Branch Mine operators. Mine works are considered to be one of the most dangerous works in the world because of the complexities of conducting underground operations. Bob Drogin and Nicole Santa Cruz have written on Los Angeles Times dated: 06 Apr 2010 that the Massey Energy Co., the mine owner...Officials said they didn't yet know the cause of the accident. They also reported that the federal inspectors who have inspected the company earlier found a lot of violations and have fined the company more than $382,000 for repeated serious violations (Drogin& Cruz, 2010). The argument of the company management that they don’t know the reason of accident itself shows that how less seriously they are addressing such a serious accident. They are deliberately trying to hide the fact that the company was caught and fined on many occasions for safety violations. They never learned lessons from their earlier mistakes. Both the company and the authorities are equally responsible for this accident. Loopholes in the governmental rules and regulations on mine operations were also contributed heavily to the Upper Big Branch Mine accident. Authorities even though enforced some fines, never tried to take any strong actions against the company. The authorities could have asked the company to close down their operations till all the  safety measures were in place. They failed to do so and satisfied with some routine inspections and fines. The company, on the other hand, was aware that the authorities may not implement any strong actions against them and continued playing with the human lives. In short, both the management of the Upper Big Branch Mine and the authorities like The Mine Safety and Health administration are equally responsible for the above accident.

Edward Hopper's paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Edward Hopper's paintings - Essay Example His paintings did not gain any recognition or income, as most of the people during his period were not interested in the realistic style paintings. He struggled to gain identification but was less successful in his attempts of exhibiting his artworks to the people. In 1923, he met Jo Nivison, who was an artist and later his wife, brought a breakthrough into his life. She modeled for nearly all of his paintings, and acted as a strong moral support to him in his career. Soon, he began his second gallery show at New York, a one-person exhibition, where he was far more prosperous and his works became more prominent, making it a commercial success. The reputation of his paintings soared in the coming years and in 1930, his painting, House by the Railroad, was placed among the permanent collections at the Museum of Modern Art. In his lifetime, he created more than 800 paintings, watercolor prints as well as many drawings and illustrations. Most of his works presented New York City architec ture, with stark interpretations of American life. â€Å"Hopper sought and explored his chosen themes: the tensions between individuals (particularly men and women), the conflict between tradition and progress in both rural and urban settings, and the moods evoked by various times of day.† Even though most of Hopper’s works were done with oil painting, he also mastered the technique of etching, which brought him commercial success. His works embodied an eerie mood of stillness and a sense of estrangement.

Organizational Behavior Management Research Paper

Organizational Behavior Management - Research Paper Example Whenever a manager within the organization makes a conscious decision, there are always repercussions. The manager has a number of skills that he/she need to exploit. Human skills imply the knowledge to communicate and inspire the workers as individuals and as groups. In fact, Robbins & Judge 2011, p. 4 noted that â€Å"developing managers’ interpersonal skills also helps organisations attract and keep high performing employees†. Conceptual skills involve making sense of complex situations and handling them effectively. According to Sims p. 235, participative leadership model is a form where leadership is shared. This means that the decision making within the organization is a shared matter. No one single person is running all affairs within the organization while the rest of the employees are subservient to him/her. A leader in the organization who adopts this model has the benefit of a number of gains. One of these is the increased participation of everyone within the organization (Mayer p. 8). This means that the employees are made to feel as though their opinions matter. It also means that the management at the top does not hog the limelight for its own benefit. It also means that as far as accountability is concerned, the decisions taken at the top will be acceptable all the way down to the lowest cadres. Management has a number of roles which include information roles. The management needs to constantly scan and apply what other organizations are up to on the matter of participative leadership. It also means that new ideas are introduced in the process of discourse and application of the decisional role (Mayer p. 8). It is not always that the leadership at the top has all the answers. They may come across a matter that has them utterly confounded. In such an instance, participatory leadership will come in to provide insights as to how the problem can be surmounted.

In a grove Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

In a grove - Essay Example ts delivered by the woodcutter, the travelling Buddhist priest, the policeman, and the old woman all bear equivalent amount of semblances and contradictions with each other, then for the moment there emerges no single account that can be fully trusted until sufficient logic sheds light to draw reliable evidences from among the stories told. Tajomaru, being the chief figure whom the old woman testified as responsible on committing murder against her son-in-law and possibly her lost daughter, initially confessed of his modesty at having considered not to kill Takehiko, partly taking pride that to him â€Å"killing isn’t a matter of such great consequence†. He further reasoned that â€Å"it would be good if I could capture a woman without killing her man† and at this point, it were as if Tajomaru would like to be understood in the light of justice whereby despite his capacity for robbery, he was not as greedy as to take someone else’s without a sensible cause so he can be relieved of brutal judgments. He, however, admitted into finally clashing 23 strokes of blade with the woman’s husband in a fair fight and struck him down when he yielded unto an overwhelming desire to take the woman for his wife especially as the latter affirmed of wanting to be a partner of whomever between the two me n survived. On the contrary, the wife made the preference of being held accountable for her husband’s demise for she wanted to spare Takejiro of witnessing her disgrace in the look that spoke of his heart in profound hatred. She could no longer stand the exchange of mixed strong unpleasant emotions of shame, grief, and anger between them particularly on account of enduring the contempt in the stare given by her husband. So she necessitated thrusting the small sword through his breast. Similarly, the murdered man took his own position in the story as revealed by another medium stating conformity to the woman’s betrayal as he witnessed the robber and his wife hand-in-hand where

'Better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea for Essay

'Better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea for organisational problems which have other orgins'. Critically argue for or against this propostion with examples - Essay Example fined as the process by which an individual has influence over others to motivate them in attaining the goals that will help the organisation to move in a right direction. I agree with the notion that better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea of organisational problems which have other origins as people who have good and effective leadership skills can address all problems in a highly efficient manner. In every organisation, there are various problems and all of them can be resolved when their root causes are identified and remedial steps are taken to eradicate the foundation of the issues as it will ensure that organisational productivity is enhanced (Hays, 2008). In my opinion, better leadership is the solution for various organisational issues such as job dissatisfaction as there can be a gap between the job requirements and the jobholder’s personal attributes; with the help of an influencing leader, the jobholder can be motivated to deliver a good performance. However, it can be argued that a person’s job should be redesigned so that he/she is willing to make a productive contribution in the organisation’s required level of performances (Yukle, 2006). According to Bass and Bass (2008) and Howard and Wellins (2008), although leaders can motivate the employees to increase their efforts but if there is a conflict between the job requirements and employee’s skill level then the root cause should be eliminated. Wheelen and Hunger (2005) argue that leadership can temporarily resolve the problem but in the long-term it can hamper the performance of employees which can create ineffectiveness in the organisation. In my opinion, better leadership can definitely influence the employees to enhance their productivity which can improve their contribution level for organisation’s improved performance. It has been rightly stated by Mayo and Nohria (2005) that better leadership will provide more chances for resolving the organisational issues that have

Job Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Job Satisfaction - Essay Example (1) Job satisfaction of the employees, and retaining them has become a growing concern in business organizations with the need to be more competitive, as a result of the growing globalization being witnessed. This stems from the belief that satisfied employees tend to be more productive, creative, and committed to the organization. There is evidence from the field of healthcare that job satisfaction among employees tend to make the healthcare organization more competitive in a market noted for its high rate of competitiveness. This competitiveness is through the improvement in quality and cost-effectiveness of satisfied employees. (2) Any discussion on job satisfaction needs to take into consideration the positive and negative factors of job satisfaction. According to Hezberg et al 1959, the positive factors known as motivators are achievement, recognition, the job responsibilities itself, and advancement opportunities. Negative factors known as hygiene factors include supervisors, fellow workers, company policy, workplace environment, and personal life. These findings of Hezberg et al were supported by studies conducted at the workplace, where workers were asked to present their perspectives of critical incidents that had occurred, but this remained the only manner in which the theory was supported. Wall et al in 1971, on the basis of confidentially collected data from workers, found that ego-defensive processes were responsible for the findings of Hezberg et al. These processes led to good events being the result of one’s own achievements, and bad events the due to the failings as a result of others. Thi s led to the general discarding of the Hezberg et al theory. However a subsequent study conducted in 1971, and as reported by Argyle, found relevance in the theory of Hezberg et al. This research on joy in workers found that while achievement was important, relationships

'Better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea for Essay

'Better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea for organisational problems which have other orgins'. Critically argue for or against this propostion with examples - Essay Example fined as the process by which an individual has influence over others to motivate them in attaining the goals that will help the organisation to move in a right direction. I agree with the notion that better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea of organisational problems which have other origins as people who have good and effective leadership skills can address all problems in a highly efficient manner. In every organisation, there are various problems and all of them can be resolved when their root causes are identified and remedial steps are taken to eradicate the foundation of the issues as it will ensure that organisational productivity is enhanced (Hays, 2008). In my opinion, better leadership is the solution for various organisational issues such as job dissatisfaction as there can be a gap between the job requirements and the jobholder’s personal attributes; with the help of an influencing leader, the jobholder can be motivated to deliver a good performance. However, it can be argued that a person’s job should be redesigned so that he/she is willing to make a productive contribution in the organisation’s required level of performances (Yukle, 2006). According to Bass and Bass (2008) and Howard and Wellins (2008), although leaders can motivate the employees to increase their efforts but if there is a conflict between the job requirements and employee’s skill level then the root cause should be eliminated. Wheelen and Hunger (2005) argue that leadership can temporarily resolve the problem but in the long-term it can hamper the performance of employees which can create ineffectiveness in the organisation. In my opinion, better leadership can definitely influence the employees to enhance their productivity which can improve their contribution level for organisation’s improved performance. It has been rightly stated by Mayo and Nohria (2005) that better leadership will provide more chances for resolving the organisational issues that have

Technology development and the problems Research Paper

Technology development and the problems - Research Paper Example However, people have become more disconnected from reality, and interpersonal relations have deteriorated. The computer has made the social lives of human beings worse by creating a society where human dignity has not been preserved like in the past. The computer, which uses the computer software to operate, has had detrimental effects on the lives of human beings. Face-to- face communication enhances socialization, closes kinship ties and cultivates friendship thus mutual co-existence. Face to face mode of communication is also very reliable as one is able to seek clarification and further elaboration. The computer has eroded humanism with individuals becoming cold hearted and mean towards fellow human beings as they become more and more accustomed to the computer rather than fellow human beings. Face-to-face mode of communication is more reliable than the computers. In the past, before computers became the chief forms of communication, societies used to rely on credible verified sources like authorities. These authorities or institutions were widely acclaimed and had to be rigorously trained and verified, undertaking several tests. However, the computer has changed everything. Online materials are known to be posted by whoever has the capacity to do so. It is thus very difficult to ascertain or verify the credibility of the information. Some of the materials are written by anonymous writers and thus hard to contact the source for any clarification. Other works have been written by people who are geographically far away, yet their works are available almost allover the world, these authors or writes are nowhere to be seen or found, to explain their ideas. People in the past used to question the face-to-face form of communication as they viewed the source as mortal like themselves thus capable of making mistakes. This enabled works of individuals to be revised by several other people

The Evolution of the Graphic Industry Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of the Graphic Industry Essay The development and continuous improvement of technology has incessantly provided new professional fields that emerged to cater to the intensification brought about by the web explosion and digital breakthroughs in the industry. The creative spectrum in the graphic industry has open doors to a large number of occupations which careers may in some way or another extend beyond one particular expertise. Visual communication is the medium used by the artists to provide people the distinction between graphic design, fine art and even advertising art. Different industries that make use of visual tools most of the time utilize almost the same theories, principles, practices, languages and even elements in delivering their client’s needs. The book â€Å"A history of graphic design† conveys that the industry’s main essence is to provide arrangement to information, form to designs, feelings and expressions to a work of art which primary output is the documentation of human experience (Meggs, 1983). The graphic industry’s professional fields have high-racketed immensely that make way to the diversity of graphic designing jobs. The workforce in the graphic design business which holds the management related roles are creative directors, art directors and art production managers. Hands-on designers in the fields are logo designers, brand identity developers, visual image developers, illustrators, content developers, multimedia developer, visual journalists and layout artists. The web explosion and advancement opened its doors to interface layout artists and web designers usually employed by web development companies. Web design may entail collaboration of graphic designers and software engineers. Programmers are also in demand in the field of web development to provide their expertise in doing advance coding. Web masters are positions that specialize in both programming and web design. While traditional graphic design and interactive design both adhere to provide better physical facade, the two have distinguished characteristics from the other. At all times, traditional graphic design’s main purpose is to carry out an attractive application of an object. It is relatively eye-catching and bold. The layout of this kind of design deals primarily with the style treatment and array of a print’s content. The interactive design on the other hand, is mainly the design used in appliances, machines, CD software applications, mobile communications, computers and even websites which focus intensively on the user interaction and experience. It aims to proficiently deliver to a user an interaction that is both efficient and simple. Interactive design is also referred to as user-centered design. Traditional graphic design is utilized to please the eyes of each and every observer. It is highly used in logo design whereas it uses a process of sketching through thumbnails and rough drafts prior to hybrid process (Gregory 48). Interactive design process balances the visual elements with regards to the operational mode and the functionality of the system to make it usable and make it easily adjust to the user’s changing requirements and needs. Interactive design is widely used in the web. Web page designs give the internet users an active role in accessing what they need online. The more user-friendly a site is the more it is visited. The interactive design reflects lucid pathways to the information, products and tools a user necessitates. Design is fundamental to the success of most services and products released by a company. Both the graphic and the interactive design of a product and affect the consumer experience which directly and enormously affects the business success or failure. The profound impact of design is apparent as dictated by the developments in technology. Works Cited Gregory Thomas, How to Design Logos, Symbols and Icons: 24 Internationally Renowned Studios Reveal How They Develop Trademarks for Print and New Media, April 2003, pp:48 Meggs, Philip B. , A history of graphic design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983

Fraud :: Free Essay Writer

Fraud Cut-off Fraud Fraud involves purposeful attempts to deceive, not good-faith disagreements on accounting treatments. One of the five basic methods companies used to boost up their profits is fraud in timing, which is also called cut-off fraud. This is done by recognizing profits early and liabilities and expenses late. â€Å"According to GAAP, revenue is recognized when the earnings process is complete and the rights of ownership have passed from seller to buyer.† There are three categories in revenue recognition fraud: 1) playing with time, 2) recording revenue when services are still due, 3) shipping merchandise before the sale is final. Playing with time is the most common way to commit revenue recognition fraud. It involves holding the books open past the end of the accounting period to accumulate more sales. For example, one such company actually set to stop there clock at the end of each quarter until targets sales are made. And all the sales would be counted as in the accounting period to boost up their sales. Another method for recognizing revenue early is booking the entire revenue amount when service is not completely rendered. Many companies ignore the percentage-of-completion contracts by taking the cash payments into income, fail to record offsetting accruals for services paid for in advance, and record refundable deposits as income. The last category is shipping merchandise before the sale is final. Consignment merchandi se is counted as being sold. A few companies also shipped merchandise to private warehouse for storage and counted it as being sold. If one person handle the same transaction from beginning to end, premature revenue recognition is easier to accomplish. The responsibilities of order entry, shipping, billing, accounts receivable detail and general ledge should be distributed among different employees. With several different employees handling the process, it’ll be more difficult to commit fraud.

Changes In The Atmosphere Causing Multicellularity :: essays research papers

Changes in the Atmosphere Causing Multicellularity About 2.5 billion years ago, oxygen began slowly to accumulate in the atmosphere, as a result of the photosynthetic activity of the cyanobacteria. Those prokaryotes that were able to use oxygen in ATP production gained a strong advantage, and so they began to prosper and increase. Some of these cells may have evolved into modern forms of aerobic bacteria. Other cells may have become symbionts with larger cells and evolved into mitochondria. As the amount of oxygen and other atmospheric gasses increased, they started blocking out deadly u.v. rays from the sun. The sun’s rays made life outside of water nearly impossible. These changes made life on land possible and evolution occurred as prokaryotes gave rise to land living eukaryotes. The microfossil record indicates that the first eukaryotes evolved at least 1.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes are distinguished from prokaryotes by their larger size, the separation of nucleus from cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope, the association of DNA with histone proteins and its organization into a number off distinct chromosomes, and complex organelles, among which are chloroplasts and mitochondria. Scientists believe that eukaryotic organisms such as the protists evolved from the prokaryotes. There are two main theories which describe how this transition may have occurred. The first is the endosymbiotic theory, or enosymbiosis, and the other is the autogenous theory, or autogenisis. These two theories are not mutually exclusive, meaning one or the other could account for different parts of eukaryotic cells. The endosymbiotic theory states that the formation of eukaryotic cells were symbiotic associations of prokaryotic cells living inside larger prokaryotes. The endosymbiotic hypothesis accounts for the presence in eukaryotic cells of complex organelles not found in the far simpler prokaryotes. Many modern organisms contain intracellular symbiotic bacteria, cyanobacteria, or photosynthetic protists, indicating that such associations are not difficult to establish and maintain. Endosymbiosis is said to be responsible for the presence of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotes. Autogenisis, the alternative to the endosymbiotic theory is specialization of internal membranes derived originally from the plasma membrane of a prokaryote. Autogenisis could be responsible for structures like the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes. There are two scenarios for which multicellularity may have occurred. The first is unicellular organisms came together to form a colonial organism, then

Managerial Epidemiology for Gerontological Health Care

Gerontology is the scientific study of aging as well its effects. In the recent years, the field of gerontology had been the focus of many concerned citizen because there is a significant increase on the elder sector of the society. Practically all academic disciplines and non-academic professions are affected by the aging of Americans. The study of aging and associated issues, therefore, will be of critical importance during the next century as the â€Å"baby boomers† pass into the ranks of the older generation. For this paper, the main objective is to have a study about gerontology in a managerial perspective. It will focus on the kind of healthcare service that will be given on the elder sector without compromising the quality of the said service. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The Healthcare Industry The healthcare industry is one of the most fast growing industries in the world. The main purpose of the industry is to provide health services like prevention, treatment of diseases, and the maintenance of wellness through the combined force of doctors and other related profession. Problems in Healthcare Industry A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Low Quality of Healthcare service Some healthcare service has low quality of service they offered. This is because of the financial status of healthcare center. They cannot afford to buy medicines and apparatus for their services. This is mainly on the poor status of a certain country.(Emerald, 2006) B.  Ã‚   Recruitment and Human Resource Quality Shortage and low quality of doctors and other related profession is another problem of healthcare industry. This will lower the healthcare services that will need by several people. Solutions to the Dilemma A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implementation of New Technology Implementations of information and communication technology of healthcare industry will vehicle the development and improvement of the industry in offering medical care. (Sangaran, 2006) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Recruitment Even though healthcare industry is one of the fastest growing industries, the recruitment is one of the problems. Proper staffing, improvement on the salary and benefits and a safe working place will attract people to go in healthcare industry. (Goldstein, 2006) C.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retain Valuable Employees Retain employees that have high quality in proper attitude towards work. These qualities are being responsible, high motivation in their work and skilled and talented personnel. These are the main key for the success of the industry. (â€Å"Retain Valuable Employees.† 2006) D.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sets Standards Sets of standards must be made to guide the employees in their work. These standards will be used to provide ethics as they serve their patients. Technology and Research In the advent of the advance technology, new methods and materials were produce to prolong the life of man. In this stage also were health care industry was more known. Many benefits to man are provided by the said industry. It helps and maintains good health on man and prevents further illness. High technology brought many positive changes to human kind. It produces many tools to help people life easier. Another breakthrough in the field of medicines and therapies is the result from many research studies. Many findings brought significant result that help to prolong and sustain a healthy aging among elder citizens. It also produces many medicines that lower the rate of mortality and prolonging life. With this, population in the world gradually increases (Wilfond, 2005). From the given statement, we will have a intelligent guess that intervention of technology as well the application of findings of research will have a significant effect on the effectiveness and preventive ness in the elder care sector. The most evident form of intervention of technology in the healthcare industry is the utilization of newly advance medical equipments. These equipments are capable of detecting possible health problems as well able to cure patient elder people. Moreover, with this high sophisticated apparatus, physicians can do medical operation easier. Some of these medical apparatus that are more advanced includes X-ray machines, MRI, surgical computers and many others. Another application of technology in medicine is telemedicine. As the name implies, it combines the application of medicine and telecommunication. Specifically, telemedicine involves telecommunications and information technology to provide clinical care to individuals at a distance and to transmit the information needed to provide. We know for the fact that elder people find it hard to go to hospital just to check the physical condition. But with the introduction of telemedicine, physicians will be able to monitor their patients who are in their own houses. Findings from research do also play vital role in the health service given to elder people because these results will be applied to the elder people. Like in the case of healthy aging where different method are examined that will make aging among elders healthier and not the other way around. These studies will provide necessary information that will lessen the effects of aging among senior citizen. These findings are being employed by many health care institutions to decrease the number of fatality on the elder sector. Examples of the proposed of many researches are to exercise, drink plenty of water, and eat the right kind of foods. Right kind of food means eating healthy and nutritious foods. Eating vegetables and fruits regularly will prevent the risk in many dangerous diseases like cancer, and heart diseases. Proper diet will ensure the normal activities of our cells, tissues and organs (Healthwise, 2007). REFERENCES: Emerald. (2006). International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance.  Ã‚   Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚   April 8, 2006 Goldstein, G. (2006). How Can A Union Solve Problems on the Job?  Ã‚   Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April   Ã‚   7, 2006 Healthwise. (2007). Healthy Aging – Topic Overview [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/ Retain Valuable Employees. (2006).  Ã‚   Retrieved April 6, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.piworldwide.com/PredictiveIndexApplications/Default.asp?Reference  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Keywo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rd=RetainEmployees Sangaran, S. (2006). Healthcare Sector Will Benefit From ICT Implementation.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved April 7, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/564850/healthcare_sector_will_benefit_fro  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   m_ict_implementation/index.html?source=r_health Mills, A.M., C.L. Wilkinson, and D.R.   Bromham. (1996)†Guidelines for Prescribing Combined Oral Contraceptives  .† British Medical Journal . Wilfond, B. (2005) â€Å"Ethical Issues with Marketing â€Å"Off Label† Drug Use in Pediatrics. .† National Institute of Health.   

Events in bars and clubs Essay

Another source of competition is how an event may have to source out its resources through sponsorship; this means that the event will be marketed to potential sponsors that will believe that the event will create a significant leverage to the company’s own marketing initiative. Hence, it is also important to stress to the potential sponsors the benefits of the event. This is discussed by Mack in which the author pointed out that (25):â€Å"[†¦ ] sponsorship allows organizations to reach their target market with less clutter than other communications methods, exposes the product/service directly to the market, and provides an excellent mechanism for the organization to give back to the community by which it is supported. Event sponsorship, or sponsorship marketing, refers to supporting various types of event [..] Whether the type of sponsorship is financial, media, or in-kind support (Cicora 1991), the list of company benefits derived from it can range from publicity, to product sales, image enhancement, or even improved employee morale (Decker 1991). In addition to getting sponsors, companies that are about to hold an event should also take into consideration its capabilities (Silvers). These include the ability to handle the demands of the event and the ability to have the resources. It is also important to have the ability to know how to handle different events; for instance, a bar that may be holding a fundraising concert may be faced with different challenges if organising a battle-of-the-bands. As Silvers pointed, although the core processes of these two events are the same, it should be noted that one of the important elements in events management is the ability to handle the differences in the requirements of different events. All in all, the events management concept can be considered as an important marketing activity in which an establishment or company is able to communicate certain initiatives to the public (Soares). Hence, events serve as an attractor especially if the company utilises popular channels such as concerts, dance events and exhibits,among others; these venues fulfil the curiosity, the wants and needs of the people which is why events continue to be patronised throughout time. Many enterprises venture into the nightlife sector by means of establishing bars and clubs. As Chatterton and Hollands discussed, the demand for these establishments is that these have been a part of the urban landscape; there is always the market among the youth, specifically the young professionals, who are â€Å"in search for the latest cool, chic, fashionable bar or club† (3). Because of this, it can be said that there is business in this industry, especially with the continuous influence of the entertainment and leisure sector. The nightlife scene which comprises of establishments such as bars and clubs can be also said to contribute to the local tourism initiatives (Chatteron & Holland). The success of any bar or club requires a significant understanding of the business especially in the aspect of strategy. Lawson provides many guidelines in the success of any club or bar including a good understanding on food service operations (which is a fundamental in any bar or club), the facilities, the design, the themes, and last but not the least, the business aspects. Lawson therefore emphasised the business framework of these bars and clubs which are heavy in the marketing practice; this is because this is a means for companies to get customers into the establishment. Bars and clubs, therefore, do not just have to excel in the food service operations but also in its ability to add value to its basic concept, and that is, to add event concepts to its entire operations. This is further attested by Smith in which the author mentioned that in order for bars and clubs to succeed, it needs to continuously come up with something interesting; hence, in addition to food and drinks and the regular dance floor or in-house performer, it is the specific events that make these bars and clubs special. This is therefore a part not only in the marketing aspect of the bar and club but also these events help the customers to identify what else they can do in the establishment, or at least, have something to look forward to (Smith, 75). Brown and Miron also mentioned the role of events in the success of any bar or nughtclub; these fall in the aspect of marketing and advertising. When an event takes place, the tendency is that the event is supposed to pull more people into the establishment. Hence, events help in the increase in sales and to make the club and bar more memorable to the consumers.

Economic Nationalism in China Essay

The political economy of a nation is the interplay between its politics and its economy. Economic nationalism, a part of the political economy, wherever it applies, refers to the use of policies that are guided by the idea of protecting domestic consumption, labor, and capital formation, even when these policies require the imposition of tariffs in addition to other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods, and capital. In many cases, economic nationalism is opposed to globalization or unrestricted free trade. Economic nationalism could include doctrines such as protectionism and import substitution (Economic Nationalism 2007). What is more, Japan is a master in the use of policies that define economic nationalism (Hall). China follows Japan’s footsteps closely when it delivers its political economy into the hands of economic nationalism (Gamble 2006). Although the economies of Japan and China differ considerably – that is, the Japanese economy is certainly more developed than the emerging economy of China – there are lessons for China in the Japanese experience of economic nationalism. Lessons from Japan To other nations around the world, Japanese economic nationalism appears as self-seeking behavior. Besides, the self-serving attitude of Japan could drive other nations to also feel particularly touchy about their own national interests with respect to Japan. Thus, Buchanan (1995) writes on behalf of the American people: With the collapse of U. S. – Japan trade talks, the hour of the economic nationalist may be at hand. In British Columbia, U. S. demands that Japan open her markets to more American autos nd parts were rudely rebuffed. Japan’s top negotiator virtually dared us to impose sanctions. We will haul you up before the World Trade Organization. Tokyo warns; and there we will have you branded a violator of the free trade principles you so noisily preach – before an international tribunal you yourselves set up. Angry Clintonites intend to impose 100 percent tariffs on $6 billion of Japan’s exports. This doesn’t even qualify as a spanking. Americans are in a mood for action; and the GOP should demand more serious sanctions. Enough is enough. In 1953, we had 60 percent of Japan’s auto market; by 1960, our share had been slashed to 1 percent. That is all we have now. Since 1970, Japan has purchased 400,000 U. S. cars, while selling us 40 million. Seeing that international trade is a matter of exchanging value for value, the trading partners of nations that indulge in economic nationalism are expected to reduce their trade interests in such nations over time. Nevertheless, nationalism is emotion arousing for the nations that believe in it. Roberts (1998) writes about the subconscious roots of economic nationalism in the Japanese mind. According to the author, these roots lie in an eighteenth century concept of political economy referred to as â€Å"kokueki† or â€Å"national prosperity (Roberts). † The concept of kokueki was articulated in Tosa, only one of more than 230 Japanese domains that made up Japan during the Tokugawa period. The domains were autonomous with regards to internal administration. Even so, they were often expected to sacrifice their own economic interests to meet their obligations to the shogun and his government. During a period of economic crises in the first half of the eighteenth century, Tosa was compelled to adopt mercantilist policies in order to protect its own wellbeing. The concept of kokueki was at the heart of these policies. In this way, Tosa looked upon itself as a nation instead of holding itself responsible for the economic wellbeing of all Japanese domains under the shogun (Roberts). By pursuing the interests of the domain instead of those of the entire government and the shogun, Tosa acted as a model for the rest of the Japanese domains who too began to look upon self-interest as a lucrative attitude. Tosa had thus prepared the ground for the overthrow of the shogun’s government. Eventually, the domain along with few others like itself engineered the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the year 1868. Furthermore, Tosa and partners extended the concept of kokueki from their domains to the entire country. This provided the new Meiji government with a model for the establishment of a nationally organized political economy (Roberts). Economic nationalism has worked for Japan for many years, and there is no law on earth against it (Hall). Even so, Buchanan (2006) complains about it once again: â€Å"China and Japan manipulate their currencies and tax polices to promote exports, cut imports and run trade surpluses at America’s expense. † In other words, these countries would like to make profits only for themselves, even if it means that these profits are made at the expense of other nations that have trade interests with them. Besides putting financial pressure on Japan, in the name of tariffs, America seems to have a less burdensome and more reasonable way to convince Japan to move toward liberalization. Tariffs are, of course, burdensome also for American consumers who love Japanese cars. The United States can convince Japan to move toward liberalization more easily by the use of reason, that is, by expressing the fact that economic nationalism failed the nation during the Asian crisis of the 1990s. Prior to Japan’s prolonged doldrums at the time, its economic nationalism was looked upon as its formula for success. But this changed when Japan saw that all of the nations that followed its formula were in crises during the 1990s (Hall). International support was the need of the hour. And so, Japan should have realized that nationalist economic policies have no place in an age of economic globalization (Hall). The fact that Japan did not see economical nationalism as the real problem, however, is the cause of Buchanan’s complaint. All the same, the author may discover that in order to see the changes that he wants to see through in the Japanese economic policies – it is best to appeal to Japanese reason before another crisis occurs. The Case of China Gamble, writing for the International Assessment and Strategy Center, reports that China’s trading partners are â€Å"cautiously expressing dissatisfaction at the country’s growing economic nationalism and failure in fact to liberalize. † Although China had been aggressively courting foreign investment since the mid-1990s and growing its economy dramatically thereby, since the latter part of 2006 the Chinese government has been heard saying that it needs to protect homegrown organizations from unfair international competition. What is more, the Chinese government has put on a multitude of new regulations for foreign firms wanting to do business in the country (Parker 2007). According to Parker, it is evident that China’s political economy is today moving in the direction of economic nationalism or protectionism. As a matter of fact, Americans believe that they may now sell little to China as compared to what the Chinese would sell to them. Furthermore, China has manipulated currency exchange rates to assure this. Hence, Parker writes: â€Å"Now they aren’t even going to let US companies benefit from Chinese economic growth. † American companies are, in fact, pulling back on their China plans now because legal changes are blocking their entry and/or growth in the Chinese market. eBay, for example, has already declared that it would close its website in China because it is difficult to do business in the face of new Chinese regulations that limit the types of financial transactions that foreign companies may conduct. Warner Bros. International Cinemas had also been planning a massive expansion in the Chinese market. However, the company abruptly announced that it would close its operations in China, citing a recent policy change that no longer permits foreign companies to control domestic theatres in the few large cities there are (Parker). Unlike Japan, China had suspended its attitudes of economic nationalism since the 1970s, in order to attract foreign investment and promote export-led economic growth. All the same, the Chinese attitude toward economic nationalism has not changed (Gamble). According to Gamble, the only interesting point concerning Chinese economic nationalism is that the Chinese leaders were able to keep economic nationalism at bay for a long time. The Chinese attitude toward economic nationalism is also deep-rooted like the Japanese attitude toward this aspect of the political economy. In the case of China, an anecdote recalls that in the year 1793, the Qing Emperor, Qianlong, informed his Britannic Majesty’s first Ambassador, Lord George Macartney: â€Å"As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures (Gamble). † To put it another way, China has believed in the self-sufficiency of its economic system for a pretty long time (Gamble). At the time that China had suspended its attitudes of economic nationalism, the country was moving toward liberalization only because of its economic desperation after thirty years of Mao style communism. China needed foreign money, management, markets and technology at the time in order to modernize its economy and buy time before reasserting its deep-rooted faith in economic nationalism. Once its economy had been revived through the suspension of economic nationalism, however, the country was to renew its self-seeking policy of economic nationalism through direct obstruction of foreign direct investment. And so, the country introduced a variety of trade barriers to stymie direct investment. As an example, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. , despite its vocal opposition to unions, was forced to accept a union in the country. This union was none other than the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, an arm of the Chinese government (Gamble). Now that its chief interest has been served, that is, the Chinese economy has become a hit in the world economy, the country is also indirectly attacking foreign goods through Chinese regulation. Proctor & Gamble was recently a victim of such an attack when the Shanghai General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine declared that it had found traces of chromium and neodymium in three of the products in one of P&G’s lines of cosmetic products. P&G denied the allegation. Moreover, no contamination was ever proved. Still, P&G’s brand was damaged due to negative publicity and the company was forced to provide refunds. Other international companies that have faced similar attacks include Dell, General Mills, Heinz, KFC, Lipton teas, Colgate-Palmolive, and Sony (Gamble). The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the top economic planning agency of China, which has stated that it would now like China to shift to a â€Å"quality, not quantity† policy in terms of FDI (Gamble). Seeing that the Chinese government is now making life very difficult for international companies, even those foreign companies with an emphasis on quality will be thinking twice about investing in China (Gamble). Gamble writes that the Chinese government is now expected to do all that it possibly can to squeeze the highest premium from foreign investors, especially when a foreign company is competing with a local state owned company. Conclusion Like many countries of the European Union that are presently concerned about globalization’s impact on their respective cultures, China would like to protect its age-old customs from foreign infiltration by means of economic nationalism. As a matter of fact, Chinese leadership is returning to the economic policy of the Qing dynasty, disappointing plenty of international corporations that continue to consider China as a fertile ground for investment. The Japanese, on the other hand, had been following the policy of economic nationalism or kokueki even when China had given up on economic nationalism. Both of these nations had, moreover, developed their subconscious roots of economic nationalism around the same time. The economy of Japan is better developed than the economy of China. Hence, Gamble has written that it will not be easy for China to move from its current dependence on exports and foreign investment to internally generated growth. After all, moving from liberalization to economic nationalism is a transition very much like the move that the country had made earlier on from liberalization to economic nationalism. China has been through rather difficult changes in the recent past. Needless to say, the new move is expected to require tremendous effort to boot. It may be that China would consider part liberalization and part economic nationalism for its new economic policies, for it is certain that the country is interested in globalization in addition to economic nationalism at the same time. Japan – the master of economic nationalism – continues to serve as a model for China, prodding it on toward greater economic growth with economic nationalism. The fact that Japan suffered because of economic nationalism during the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s should serve as a lesson for China. However, the fact that the Japanese economy began to recover soon after the crisis is expected to boost China’s confidence in economic nationalism. What is more, the two nations do not seem to be concerned about America’s or the rest of the world’s reaction to their policies of economic nationalism as yet. Only political and economic history in the making would tell how far both countries will go by adhering to their deep-rooted belief in economic nationalism.

The Foundation of French Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Foundation of French Literacy - Essay Example It relates to historical incidents of battle of August 15, 778 in which the rear-guard of Charlemagne’s retreating Frank forces is attacked by Basques. A large number of top knights and Duke Roland of the Brittany Marches were killed in the massacre. Ganelon was the master architect of this great act of betrayal. When he was picked by Roland for the peace mission, his relatives and other knights expressed their sympathy as they firmly believed that his life would not be safe. Ganelon accepted the task, certain that he would die. He threatened Roland, "If God should deign that I come back again then I shall stir up such a feud with you that it will last as long as you're alive!" (Anonymous, 1957, 20, pp. 289-291). Emperor Charlemagne was firm about sending Ganelon and said his command must be followed implicitly. Ganelon had no other option, but to comply with the order. In the fight against Muslims in Spain Charlemagne made great strides and Saragossa was the only surviving ci ty ruled by the Muslim King Marsile. Knowing the might of the army of Charlemagne, he dispatched messengers to Charlemagne promising his conversion to Christianity and submission of treasure. In return, he urged him to go back to France. Charlemagne too wished to buy peace as he and his men were tired of the long war. The issue was about selection of a messenger who would represent the King at Marsile’s court. The choice fell on Ganelon, stepfather of Roland. Ganelon, however, viewed this selection with suspicion and feared that he was being sent deliberately to die in the hands of the cruel pagans. He had always hated his stepson and he thought that he had an opportunity to settle scores with Roland. Joining the Saracen peace ambassadors, Ganelon talked at length with Blancandrin as they rode together back to Saragossa. He spat venom against Roland and blamed him for inciting the Franks for the war that was fought without intermission. â€Å"If someone killed him," said Gan elon, "we might all have peace" (Anonymous, 1957, 29, pp. 391). Blancandrin was greatly excited about this observation and both of them pledged to each other and decided to design a plot to get rid of him. Roland was brave but failed to gauge the consequences of his actions and due to this weakness, treacherous Ganelon succeeded in outwitting his knightly companions and his army. Roland’s flaw was his superlative confidence and pride, and he was unwilling to reacquire aid for him and for his army at the time of war, when the situation demanded it. Viewed from this angle he was a poor tactician. Ganelon departed with his retinue. While travelling to Saragossa, he got enough time to talk with his accomplices about the intended plot to kill Roland. Both of them reached to the outdoor assembly of Marsile, who was seated in surroundings that displayed his grandeur. As planned, the meeting began with a stormy start as Ganelon told Marsile that if he failed to accept the terms and c onditions set forth by Charles, he would be doomed to meet his death after the capture. Marsile reacted violently and moved to attack Ganelon, but controlled himself well in time. Ganelon stuck to his assertion and was able to impress the Saracens with his candid disposition. Marsile read Charlemagne’s letter aloud for the benefit of those present in the court, in which he mentioned Basan and Basile, the executed Frankish representatives, and, if interested in saving his life, he must depute his uncle the caliph as the hostage. He warned him about the impending death if he failed to comply and he might have to die "in squalor and disgrace." (Anonymous, 1957, 33, pp. 437) Ganelon told them about the danger posed by Roland and to the question when the war would end he categorically stated

Control Charts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Control Charts - Research Paper Example The items that are being considered may have one or more quality characteristics that should be inspected at the same time. The item is considered non –conforming or flawed if one of the characteristics under assessment does not match or correspond the laid down standards. The proportional charts can be said to track the proportion of defects and are used when evaluating a product with regard to a certain standard and hence classifying it as being defective or otherwise. These charts plot the proportion of defective items per subgroup. The data collected are the number of flawed items and is assumed to follow a binomial distribution with an unidentified proportional parameter P. The C chart is applicable when a product is known to have various defects, which are controllable. C charts track the number of flaws per unit sampled. C charts are usually used when dealing with an intricate product or service. The C chart requires the following assumptions in order be effectively utilized: it assumes that the likelihood of non-conformity is small at any given location; secondly, the C charts assume that the probable locations for conformity are very huge. The C charts plot the number of defects per unit and the data composed is the total number of defects in every subgroup, which is known to follow poisons distribution with an unknown mean number of defects in each subgroup. Control limits for control charts are basically in the control phase of a six sigma project. These charts should be sensitive enough be able to quickly give a signal when a special cause exists. Assessment of sensitivity is achieved by calculating the number of subgroups needed to signal a special cause. Good control charts should never give a false alarm when the process is controllable.     

The Development of Print Documents for Online Delivery Essay

The Development of Print Documents for Online Delivery - Essay Example The production and distribution of news and other information materials through the traditional communication channels such as print, radio and television require a gatekeeper, a metaphor used to describe the process of selecting which information is worth delivering to consumers. This is necessary not only because of limitations on space, airtime, transmission frequencies and commercial interests but also because of equally important considerations related to reliability and trustworthiness. The era of digital media changed the concept of the gatekeeper into the gate-watcher, as the role of professional journalists or communicators has been narrowed and individuals gained more power, with ordinary citizens acquiring an increasing level of credibility as source of legitimate news. The gatekeepers keep their role and still decide what is newsworthy but ordinary citizens now provide a wider variety of news sources, which are more community-oriented. This paper discusses communication t heory according to the socio-psychological perspective, which suggests that communication achieves its purpose if it considers the prevailing beliefs and attitudes of its intended audience. From the theoretical perspective, the research essay describes the methodology used in a content analysis designed to gather empirical evidence that would support or validate the theories, which finding was then analyzed for its relevance to this research. 2. Theoretical Perspective According to the socio-psychological tradition in communication theory, there is a relationship between communication stimuli, audience predisposition and opinion change. To succeed, journalists and communicators must look for the cause-and-effect relationships that could predict when a communication message will be received favorably by its audience or when it will be ignored (Vaughn, 2008). In this view, communication can be effective in influencing public attitudes and opinions if it considers the "who, what, whom and what-effect" questions of socio-psychological tradition, which are often asked when journalists and public relations practitioners want to change people's minds. The questions refer to the source and content of the message, audience characteristics, and the opinion change it has caused. On the source, the message sender must project expertise and trustworthiness while the content must be appealing and credibly argued. The "whom" phase should consider the personality and gullibility of the audience, while the what-effect question requires that communicators measure the attitude scales before and after delivery of the message. Thus, the editor who hears a reporter say that his mother loves him will tell the reporter skeptically: "Check that out - from at least two sources (Griffin, 2003)." The socio-psychological influences in communication forms the basis of this research. 3. Methodology This study uses the quantitative approach that gathers the primary and secondary data of research through the observation and direct communication methods. The observation method refers to our review of the literature, which gives special attention to such new communication platforms as gate-watcher

Samyika Shakur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Samyika Shakur - Essay Example Juvenile court system emphasise on the corrective measures of the juvenile criminals rather than the punishment. The history of Sanaika Shakur is a better example to analyse the effectiveness of juvenile court system. â€Å"The juvenile criminal justice system operates according to the premise that youth are fundamentally different than adults, both in terms of level of responsibility and potential for rehabilitation. The treatment and successful reintegration of youth into society are the primary goals of the juvenile justice system, along with overall public safety† (Juvenile Law) The story of Sanyika Shakur is well matched for analyzing effectiveness of juvenile court system. He has started his criminal activities at the age of 13. He has been imprisoned and claimed that he has changed his character and criminal behavior after a prolonged stay in the prison. The police and the court were believed that the corrective measures taken in the prison were successful and released him on parole. He has written an autobiography also which explains how he has started his criminal behavior and the factors which affect him to engage in criminal activities. All these tactics were just to convince th e court in order to get parole. But even on parole, he has committed serious crimes which forced the police to arrest him again and again. The effectiveness of juvenile court system has been questioned by many citing the example of Sanyika Shakur. Many people believe that there are people who are born criminals like Sanyika Shakur. For them, the current juvenile justice system is not effective. The main objective of the juvenile justice system is to prevent the future illegal activities from the juveniles and for that purpose most of the punishments for juvenile crimes were limited to sending the juveniles to the juvenile homes where lessons for becoming good citizens of a country will be transferred to the children under the strict guidance of the coaching

Economic science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic science - Essay Example In order to fully comprehend the phenomena of transaction cost and/or evolutionary economics, it is imperative that the concept of management accounting be fully understood as well. Management accounting may be defined in various manners. It is basically related to the use of accounting information by managers of organizations. It helps them in making prudent and timely decisions to run their businesses in an efficient and effective manner. "Transaction Cost Economics concerns itself with markets and hierarchies as alternative governance mechanisms for completing a set of transactions. Market forms of governance tend to rely on prices, competition, and contracts to keep all parties to an exchange informed of their rights and responsibilities it is based on two assumptions about economic actorseconomic transactions are intendedly rational, but only limitedly so and economic actors seek self-interest with guile." (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3933/is_199811/ai_n8812605/print) According to Williamson (1996), this type of economics is basically related to the, "governance of contractual relations" and it consists of three levels which can be easily understood by means of the schematic diagram shown below: The institutional environment helps us to understand and define that "rules of the game". This includes all those factors that may influence or result in a change in the "comparative governance costs leading to a reconfiguration of economic organization". Williamson has basically defined governance to be of three types; market, hybrid and hierarchy. The individual basically is a, "result of the strict assumption of opportunism (i.e., self -interest seeking with guile) and human cognition is subject to bounded rationality (i.e., "intendedly rational, but only limitedly so"). In addition, TCE views governance as the means, "by which to infuse order, thereby to mitigate conflict and realize mutual gains the key purpose of organization on which transaction cost economics focuses is that of adaptation, of which two kinds were distinguished: autonomous adaptation in response to changes in relative prices, and cooperative adaptation accomplished through administration. Not only do transactions have differing "needs" for adaptations of these two kinds, but governance structures have differing capacities to supply autonomous and cooperative adaptation". (Williamson 2000, pp. 12, 19-20) New Institutional Theory Oliver Williamson is popularly known as the founder of the New Institutional Theory (also called the Evolutionary Theories of Economics) and he also coined the term "institutional economics" in 1975. However, its origins can be traced back to the works of Coase (1937), Hayek (1937, 1945), Chandler (1962), Simon (1947), Arrow (1963), Davis and North (1971), Alchian and Demsetz (1972), Macneil (1978), Holmstrm (1979) and others. Various definitions for the new institutional theory can be found in literature. Rosenberg (2000,p. 70) has defined it as, "a mechanism blind variation and natural selection that operates everywhere and always throughout the universe." "The new institution

Describe the Expected Pattern of Children Essay Example for Free

Describe the Expected Pattern of Children Essay Gradually develops ability to hold up own head. Makes movements with arms and legs which gradually become more controlled. Rolls over from front to back, from back to front. When lying on tummy becomes able to lift first head and then chest, supporting self with forearms and then straight arms. Watches and explores hands and feet, e. g. when lying on back lifts legs into vertical position and grasps feet. Reaches out for, touches and begins to hold objects. Explores objects with mouth, often picking up an object and holding it to the mouth. Enjoys the company of others and seeks contact with others from birth. Gazes at faces and copies facial movements. e. g. sticking out tongue, opening mouth and widening eyes. Responds when talked to, for example, moves arms and legs, changes facial expression, moves body and makes mouth movements. Recognises and is most responsive to main carer’s voice: face brightens, activity increases when familiar carer appears. Responds to what carer is paying attention to, e. g. following their gaze. Likes cuddles and being held: calms, snuggles in, smiles, gazes at carer’s face or strokes carer’s skin. Turns toward a familiar sound then locates range of sounds with accuracy. Listens to, distinguishes and responds to intonations and sounds of voices. Quietens or alerts to the sound of speech. Looks intently at a person talking, but stops responding if speaker turns away. Listens to familiar sounds, words, or finger plays. 1 – 2 years Walks alone and stands on tiptoe Climbs on furniture and begins to run Builds a tower of six or more blocks Empties objects from a container Becomes aware of his or her identity as a separate individual May become defiant Becomes interested in playing with other children Separation anxiety begins to fade Speaks about 50 words Links two words together Uses some adjectives (big, happy) Speaks clearly enough for parents to understand some of the words Begins to play make-believe Begins to sort objects by shape and colour Scribbles Finds hidden objects 2 – 3 years Walks up and down stairs, alternating feet Kicks, climbs, runs and pedals a tricycle Builds a tower of nine or more blocks Manipulates small objects and turns book pages one at a time Imitates parents and playmates Takes turns Expresses affection openly Easily separates from parents Speaks 250 to 500 or more words Speaks in three-and four-word sentences Uses pronouns (I, you, we, they) and some plurals States first name Asks why questions Correctly names some colours Copies a circle Understands the concepts of same and different 3 – 4 years Stands on one foot for at least five seconds Throws ball overhand, kicks ball forward and catches bounced ball most of the time Dresses and undresses Uses scissors Cooperates with playmates Tries to solve problems May have a best friend Becomes more independent Answers simple questions Speaks in complete sentences Uses prepositions (under, beside, in front) Speaks clearly enough for strangers to understand Becomes involved in more complex imaginary play Prints some capital letters Draws a person with two to four body parts Understands the concepts of morning, afternoon and night 4 – 5 years Stands on one foot for at least 10 seconds Hops, swings and somersaults May learn to ride a bike and swim Brushes own teeth and cares for other personal needs Wants to be like friends Follows rules Understands gender Wants to do things alone Understands rhyming Uses compound and complex sentences Uses future tense States full name and address Uses imagination to create stories Correctly counts 10 or more objects Copies a triangle and other geometric patterns Understands the concepts of time and sequential order. 6 years Jumps over rope 25cm high Learning to skip with rope Tie own shoes Eager for fresh experiences More demanding and stubborn, less sociable Joining a ‘gang’ maybe important May be quarrelsome with friends Needs to succeed as failing too often leads to poor self esteem Reading skills developing well Drawings more precise and detailed Figure may be drawn if profile Can describe how one object differs from another Mathematical skills developing, may use symbols instead of concrete objects May write independently years Hand-eye coordination is well developed Has good balance Can execute simple gymnastic movements, such as somersaults Skills constantly improving More dexterity and precision in all areas Desires to be perfect and is quite self-critical Worries more; may have low self-confidence Tends to complain; has strong emotional reactions Understands the difference between right and wrong Takes direction well; needs punishment only rarely Avoids and withdraws from adults Is a better loser and less likely to place blame Waits for her turn in activities Starts to feel guilt and shame Read independently and with increasing fluency longer and less familiar texts Spell with increasing accuracy and confidence, drawing on word recognition and knowledge of word structure, and spelling patterns including common inflections and use of double letters Moving towards abstract thought Draw together ideas and information from across a whole text, using simple signposts in the text Read whole books on their own, choosing and justifying selections Engage with books through exploring and enacting interpretation 8 -12 years Movements well coordinated Physical skills improving Takes part in team games Drawings become more complex Friendship becomes more important Independence increasing More understand to self Concentration improves Able to read fluently May think scientifically Able to play complex games such as chess 12 – 19 years Hormonal changes Puberty Skin changes Growth spurts Body hair develops Girl; menstruates; breasts develop, hips broaden Boy; facial hair develops; voice deepens, growth of penis and testes Skills develops depending on interest and practice, for example play a musical instrument Adolescents start to think about the future and if motivated will use all their intellectual ability to achieve their educational goals